Open Source

Open-source software(OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits the users to study, change and improve the software. Open source licenses often meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition. Some open source software is available within the public domain. Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaboratively manner. Open-source
software is the most prominent example of open-source development and often compared to user-generated content. The term open-source software originated as part of a marketing campaign for free software. A report by Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.

Data Racovery

Data recovery is the of recovering data's that were damaged, failed, corrupted, not accessible secondary storage media that cannot be accessed normally. The data are often recovered from storage device or medias such as hard disk drives, storage tapes, CDs, DVDs, RAID, and other electronic devices. Recovery of the data may be required due to the physical damage to the storage devices or logical damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system. The most common data recovery scenario involves an operating system (OS) failure (typically on a single-disk, single-partition, single- OS system), in which case the main thing is simply to copy all wanted files to another disk. This type of recovery process can be done or accomplished with a live CD, most of which provides a means to mount the system drive and backup disks or removal media, and to move the files from the system disk to the backup media with a file media with a file manager or optical disc authoring software. Such causes can often be mitigated by disk partitioning and consistently storing valuable data files (or copies of them) on a different partition from the replaceable OS system files. Another scenario involves a disk-level failure, such as a compromised file system or disk partition or a hard disk failure . In any of these cases, the data cannot be easily read. Depending on the situation, solutions involve repairing the file system, partition table or master boot record, or hard disk recovery techniques ranging from software based recovery of corrupted data to hardware replacement on a physically damaged dis. if hard disk recovery is necessary, the disk itself has typically failed permanently, and the focus is rather on a one-time recovery, recovering whatever data can be read.

Mouse

In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translate into the motion of a cursor on display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface. The name mouse, originated at the Stanford Research Institute, derives from the resemblance of early models that had cord attached to the rear part of the device, suggesting the idea of a tail, to the common mouse. The mouse was first marketed was shipped as a part of a computer and intended for a personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981. However, the mouse remain relatively remained obscure until the appearance of the Apple Macintosh, in 1981 PC columnist John C. Dvorak, ironically commented on the release of this new computer with a mouse: “There is no evidence that people want to use these things.”A mouse now comes with most computers and many other varieties can be bought separately.

RAM

Random-access memory usually known by its acronym, RAM is a form of computer data storage device. Today it can take the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order randomly. "Random" refers to the idea that any piece of data can be stored in any place and can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.
By contrast, storage devices such as magnetic discs and optical discs rely on the physical movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than data transfer, and the retrieval time varies based on the physical location of the next item.
The word RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory such as DRAM memory modules, where the information is lost after the power is switched off. Many other types of memory are RAM, too, including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash

Motherboard

A motherboard is the main and the central printed circuit board (PCB) in the modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the computer system, and provides connectors for other peripheral devices. The motherboard is also known as the main board, system board or the logic board (on Apple computers).It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.

Today most of the computer motherboards are designed for IBM-compatible computers, which are currently account for around 90% of global PC sales. A motherboard, like a backplane, provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.

A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage devices, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripheral into the motherboard itself.

An important components of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard

RAMDAC

The RAMDAC, or Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter, converts digital signals to analog signals for use by a computer display that uses analog inputs such as CRT displays. The RAMDAC is a kind of RAM chip that regulates the functioning of the graphic card. Depending on the number of bits used and the RAMDAC-data-transfer rate, the converter will be able to support different computer-display refresh rates. With CRT displays, it is best to work over 75 Hz and never under 60 Hz, in order to minimize flicker. (With LCD displays, flicker is not a problem.) Due to the growing popularity of digital computer displays and the integration of the RAMDAC onto the GPU die, it has mostly disappeared as a discrete component. All current LCDs, plasma displays and TVs work in the digital domain and do not require a RAMDAC. There are few remaining legacy LCD and plasma displays that feature analog inputs (VGA, component, SCART etc.) only. These require a RAMDAC, but they reconvert the analog signal back to digital before they can display it, with the unavoidable loss of quality stemming from this digital-to-analog-to-digital conversion.

Video Card

A video card is an expansion card whose function is to generate and show output images to a display device. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor ). Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games.Video hardware can be integrated on the motherboard, often occurring with early machines. In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as a video controller or graphics controller.

The first IBM PC video card, which was released with the first IBM PC, was developed by IBM Company in 1981. The MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) could only work in text mode representing 80 columns and 25 lines (80x25) in the screen. It had a 4KB video memory and just one color.

Starting with the MDA in 1981, several video cards were released, which are summarized in the attached table.

VGA was widely accepted, which led some corporations such as ATI, Cirrus Logic and S3 to work with that video card, improving its resolution and the number of colors it used. This developed into the SVGA (Super VGA) standard, which reached 2 MB of video memory and a resolution of 1024x768 at 256 color mode.

In 1995 the first consumer 2D/3D cards were released, developed by Matrox, Creative, S3, ATI and others. These video cards followed the SVGA standard, but incorporated 3D functions. In 1997, 3dfx released the Voodoo graphics chip, which was more powerful compared to other consumer graphics cards, introducing 3D effects such as mip mapping, Z-buffering and anti-aliasing into the consumer market. After this card, a series of 3D video cards were released, such as Voodoo2 from 3dfx, TNT and TNT2 from NIVIDIA. The bandwidth required by these cards was approaching the limits of the PCI bus capacity. Intel developed the AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) which solved the bottleneck between the microprocessor and the video card. From 1999 until 2002, NVIDIA controlled the video card market (taking over 3dfx) with the GeForce family. The improvements carried out at this time were focused in 3D algorithms and graphics processor clock rate. Video memory was also increased to improve their data rate; DDR technology was incorporated, improving the capacity of video memory from 32 MB with GeForce to 128 MB with GeForce 4.

Since 2002, ATI and Nvidia dominated the video card market with their Radeon and (respectively), sharing around 90% of the independent graphics card market forcing other manufacturers into smaller, niche markets.